.\" Reference macros (metadata) .TITLE "Producing PDFs" "with groff and mom" .PDF_TITLE "\*[$TITLE] .AUTHOR "\v'-.5v'\*[UP 4p]Deri James" \ "\v'-.5v'\*[UP 8p]and" \ "\v'-.5v'\*[UP 11p]Peter Schaffter" .MISC "This file is part of groff." \ ".sp .25v" \ "groff is free software; you can redistribute it" \ "and\*[FU3]/or modify it under the terms of the GNU" \ "General Public License as published by the" \ "Free Software Foundation, either version 3" \ "of the License, or (at your option) any later" \ "version." \ ".sp .25v" \ "You should have received a copy of the GNU" \ "General Public License along with this program." \ "If not, see:" \ ".sp .25v" \ ".IL 2P" \ ".PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.gnu.org/licenses/" \ ".IQ CLEAR" .COPYRIGHT "20\*[BU3]1\*[BU2]2 Deri James and Peter Schaffter .ATTRIBUTE_STRING "" \" Don't print 'by' .PDF_BOOKMARKS_OPEN 2 .\" Cover and page header .COVER TITLE AUTHOR COPYRIGHT MISC .HEADER_LEFT "James, Schaffter" .\" Page, style, formatting .PRINTSTYLE TYPESET .PAPER A4 .L_MARGIN 2.5c .R_MARGIN 2.5c .B_MARGIN 2.5c .\" .FAM H .FT R .PT_SIZE 10.5 .AUTOLEAD 3 .PARA_INDENT 0 \" Because we're spacing paragraphs. .\" .COVER_LEAD +3.5 .DOCHEADER_LEAD +3.5 .\" Color for code snippets .NEWCOLOUR dark-grey RGB #343434 .\" Make QUOTE look like CODE .QUOTE_FAMILY C .QUOTE_FONT B .QUOTE_SIZE +1.5 .QUOTE_COLOR dark-grey .QUOTE_INDENT 9p .\" .CODE_FONT B .CODE_SIZE 115 .CODE_COLOR dark-grey .CONDENSE 87 .\" .HEADING_STYLE 1 NUMBER FONT B SIZE +1 BASELINE_ADJUST \n[.v]/5 .HEADING_STYLE 2 NUMBER FONT I SIZE +.25 BASELINE_ADJUST \n[.v]/5 .\" .FOOTNOTE_SIZE -1 .\" Character definitions for program names, opts, etc. .char \[ghostscript] \*[BD]ghostscript\*[PREV] .char \[groff] \*[BD]groff\*[PREV] .char \[gropdf] \*[BD]gropdf\*[PREV] .char \[grops] \*[BD]grops\*[PREV] .char \[man] \*[BD]man\*[PREV] .char \[-mom] \*[BD]-mom\*[PREV] .char \[mom] \*[BD]mom\*[PREV] .char \[-mpdfmark] \*[BD]-mpdfmark\*[PREV] .char \[ms] \*[BD]ms\*[PREV] .char \[pdfmom] \*[BD]pdfmom\*[PREV] .char \[pdfroff] \*[BD]pdfroff\*[PREV] .char \[-P-e] \*[BD]-P-e\*[PREV] .char \[-P-p] \*[BD]-P-p\*[PREV] .char \[ps2pdf] \*[BD]ps2pdf\*[PREV] .char \[psselect] \*[BD]psselect\*[PREV] .char \[-T] \*[BD]-T\*[PREV] .char \[-Tpdf] \*[BD]-Tpdf\*[PREV] .char \[-Tps] \*[BD]-Tps\*[PREV] .\" Strings for inline code .ds cod "\E*[CODE]\&\E*[COND] .ds codx "\E*[CONDX]\E*[CODE off]\& .\" Paragraph spacing .de PP2 . ALD .3v . PP .. .\" Wrapper around QUOTE .de COD . QUOTE . nop \*[COND]\\$*\*[CONDX] . QUOTE OFF .. .\" Note box .de BOX-NOTE . ie \\n[#NUM_ARGS]=1 .DBX .5 0 \\n[.l]u \\$1 . el .DBX .5 0 \\$1 \\$2 . ALD 15p . IB 6p .. .\" Table of contents .TOC_PADDING 2 .SPACE_TOC_ITEMS .AUTO_RELOCATE_TOC .TOC_ENTRY_STYLE 2 FONT I .TOC_LEAD 14 .\" .DOCHEADER_ADVANCE 4.5c \" Begin this distance down from top of page .\" .START .\" .HEADING 1 NAMED intro "Introduction" .PP .RW .12 PDF documents are intended to be "electronic paper,\*[BU6]" and, as such, take advantage of the digital medium in ways that PostScript documents do not. Chief amongst these are clickable links that point to named destinations, either within the documents themselves .PDF_LINK internal PREFIX ( SUFFIX ) "internal links" or to remote web pages .PDF_LINK external PREFIX ( SUFFIX ), "external links" and the generation of a clickable document outline that appears in the Contents panel of most PDF viewers. .PP2 .RW .01 Using \[groff] and \[mom] to produce PDF documents results in the automatic generation of clickable document outlines (discussed below, .PDF_LINK outline SUFFIX ), + and, if the \*[cod]TOC\*[codx] macro is included in the source file, entries in the printable table of contents can be clicked on as well when the document is viewed at the screen (see .PDF_LINK toc SUFFIX ). + .RW 0 .HEADING 1 NAMED generating "Using groff to generate PDF files" .PP Groff provides more than one way to generate PDF documents from files formatted with the \[mom] macros. One is to call \[groff] directly, either with .COD "groff [-Tps] -mom -m pdfmark doc.mom | ps2pdf - doc.pdf which pipes output from the \[grops] PostScript driver through \[ps2pdf], or .COD "groff -Tpdf -mom doc.mom > doc.pdf which uses the native PDF driver, \[gropdf]. Alternatively, one may call the wrapper .COD "pdfroff -mom -mpdfmark --no-toc doc.mom > doc.pdf A fourth, preferred method is to use .PDF_LINK pdfmom SUFFIX , "\[pdfmom]" which is strongly recommended since it implements the full range of PDF features available in \[mom]. .COD "pdfmom doc.mom > doc.pdf One reason to prefer using the native PDF driver (via \[pdfmom] or \[-Tpdf]) is that papersizes set within mom source files (see .PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/typesetting.html#page-setup-intro SUFFIX ) \ "paper and page setup macros" do not require a corresponding \[-P-p] flag on the command line. .PP2 There are other minor differences between the methods, discussed .PDF_LINK pdf-diff SUFFIX . "here" .RW 0 .HEADING 1 NAMED links "Creating PDF links with mom" .PP Often, but not always, links in the body of a PDF document point to headings elsewhere in the same document. Creating these links is a simple process. First, identify the places to link to ("destinations"), then link to them from any place in the document. .NO_SHIM .HEADING 2 NAMED naming "Creating destination points at headings" .PP The first step in creating links to a heading is to give the heading a unique destination name. With mom, this is done by adding \*[cod]NAMED\|\*[codx] to the HEADING macro, where \*[cod]\*[codx] is a unique identifier for the heading. For example, .PDF_TARGET intro-ex .COD "\&.HEADING 1 NAMED intro \[dq]Introduction\[dq]" would, in addition to printing the head in the body of the document, identify the introduction by the unique id, "intro"\*[BU6]. This id, or name, can then be used to create links to the introduction from any part of the document. .PP2 Furthermore, \*[cod]NAMED\|\*[codx] stores the text of the heading for use later on when linking to it (see .PDF_LINK internal SUFFIX ). + If headings are being numbered, the heading number is included. .HEADING 2 NAMED target "Creating destination points at arbitrary locations" .PP Any part of a document can be a link destination, not just headings. For example, say you create a table that needs to be referred to from other parts of the document. You'd identify the location of the table by placing .COD "\&.PDF_TARGET \[dq]\[dq]" just above the table in the source file. As with \*[cod]HEADING\*[codx], \*[cod]\*[codx] is any unique name. \*[cod]\*[codx] is optional. \*[cod]\*[codx] can now be linked to from anywhere in the document. .HEADING 2 NAMED internal "Creating internal links" .PP Internal links are clickable text areas that allow you to jump to named destinations within a document. (See .PDF_LINK external "here" for a description of external links.) .PP2 Internal links are created with the macro \*[cod]PDF_LINK\*[codx], which takes the form .COD "\&.PDF_LINK [PREFIX ] [SUFFIX ] \ \[dq]\[dq]" where \*[cod]\*[codx] is a named destination point elsewhere in the document (see .PDF_LINK naming + and .PDF_LINK target SUFFIX ). + .PP2 \*[cod]PREFIX\|\*[codx] and \*[cod]SUFFIX\|\*[codx], both or either of which are optional, are printed around the clickable area but do not form part of the link itself. .PP2 \*[cod]\*[codx] is the text that should be clickable, identifiable in the PDF document by the colour assigned to links (see .PDF_LINK colour SUFFIX ). + .PDF_TARGET expando .PP2 If the hotlink text ends in \*[cod]\[dq]*\[dq]\*[codx]\*[BU9], the asterisk is replaced by the text of the destination point, assuming it's a heading. If the hotlink text ends in \*[cod]\[dq]+\[dq]\*[codx]\*[BU9], the replacement text is surrounded by quotes. .PP2 Using our .PDF_LINK intro-ex SUFFIX , "HEADING example" .RW .1 above, the following invocation of \*[cod]PDF_LINK\*[codx] would produce a click\%able link to the introduction: .COD "\&.PDF_LINK intro PREFIX ( SUFFIX ). \[dq]see: +\[dq]" .RW 0 In the text, the link would look like this: .PDF_LINK intro PREFIX ( SUFFIX ). "see: +" .HEADING 2 NAMED external "Creating external links" .PP External links are clickable text areas whose destination is a URL. Clicking on them causes a browser window to pop up with the destination address. .PP2 The format of the macro to create external links is similar to the one for creating internal links links links. .COD "\&.PDF_WWW_LINK [PREFIX ] [SUFFIX ] [\[dq]\[dq]]" \*[cod]\*[codx] is any valid URL, usually a web address; \*[cod]PREFIX\|\*[codx] and \*[cod]SUFFIX\|\*[codx] have exactly the same meaning. .PP2 .RW .1 If no hotlink text is given, then \*[cod]\*[codx] is used as the text. If hotlink text is given and ends in \*[cod]\[dq]*\[dq]\*[codx]\*[BU9], the asterisk is replaced by the URL. If it ends in \*[cod]\[dq]+\[dq]\*[codx]\*[BU9], the URL is surrounded by quotes. As an example, .RW 0 .COD "\&.PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/toc.html would open mom's online documentation at .PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/toc.html SUFFIX "." The same, with \*[cod]\[dq]here\[dq]\*[codx] supplied as hotlink text, lets you click .PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/toc.html "here" instead. .HEADING 2 NAMED colour "Assigning a colour to links" .PP The colour of links is set with .COD "\&.PDF_LINK_COLOR | | | <#rrggbb> where \*[cod]\*[codx] or \*[cod]\*[codx] are the names of colours already initialized with .PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/color.html#xcolor "XCOLOR" or .PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/color.html#newcolor SUFFIX . "NEWCOLOR" If you prefer to define a new colour (using the RGB colour scheme), enter it either as 3 numbers between 0.0 \*[UP 1p]\[->]\*[DOWN 1p] 1\*[BU4].0 or as a 6 character hex string. Thus .SP .5v \*[FWD 6p]\*[cod].PDF_LINK_COLOR #ff0000\*[codx] \ \*[SIZE -.5]and\*[SIZE]\ \" \*[cod].PDF_LINK_COLOR 1.0 0 0\*[codx] .SP .5v both lead to mom using .PDF_LINK_COLOR 1 0 0 .PDF_LINK colour red .PDF_LINK_COLOR links. .PP2 The default colour can be restored by calling \*[cod]PDF_LINK_COLOR\*[codx] with no parameter. .FLOAT .JUSTIFY .BOX-NOTE 3P \*[BD]Note:\*[PREV] The decimal scheme for creating colours must be used if a file is to be processed with \[oq]\[groff]\~\[-Tps]\~\[-mpdfmark]\[cq], \[oq]\[pdfroff]\[cq], or \[oq]\[pdfmom]\~\[-Tps]\[cq]. .IBQ .FLOAT off .NO_SHIM off .HEADING 1 NAMED outline "The PDF Outline" .PP Most PDF viewers provide a panel that displays a document's outline, similar to a table of contents. Clicking on an entry navigates directly to the appropriate place in the document. .PP2 Mom generates PDF outlines the same way she populates her own table of contents: by intercepting calls to the \*[cod]HEADING\*[codx] macro, as well as to the various title and chapter macros used in namimg documents, and allocating each a hierarchic level. .PP2 Covers, titles/chapters, and the table of contents are all assigned to level 1\*[BU5]. Subsequent headings are assigned to n\*[UP 1p]+\*[DOWN 1p]\*[BU4]1, where n is the level given to \*[cod]HEADING\*[codx]. .PP2 .RW .22 The PDF outline can sensibly recover from skipped or omitted heading levels; the printed table of contents cannot. Users are therefore advised to use headings in logical order, not for typographic effects. .RW 0 .HEADING 2 NAMED open-close "Opening and closing levels .PP A level is said to be open if one or more levels beneath it is visible in the PDF outline. Closed \%levels have at least one level beneath them that is not visible unless the closed link is clicked. It is common for only the first two levels to be open so the outline doesn't look cluttered. .PP2 To establish which levels should be open by default when a document loads, use .COD "\&.PDF_BOOKMARKS_OPEN n where \*[cod]n\*[codx] is a number specifying at which level all subsequent ones should be closed. .PP2 If, at any point in the document, you specify .COD "\&.PDF_BOOKMARKS_OPEN NO \e\[dq] or any other text argument then all subsequent bookmarks will be closed until \*[cod]PDF_BOOKMARKS_OPEN\*[codx] opens them again. .HEADING 2 NAMED disabling "Suspending/disabling collection of outline entries .PP Suspending the collection of entries for the PDF outline is accomplished with .COD "\&.PDF_BOOKMARKS OFF Mom's default is to collect entries, so if the command is placed at the start of a document, it \%disables entry collection completely. Elsewhere, it suspends collection until you re-enable it with .COD "\&.PDF_BOOKMARKS \e\[dq] i.e. with no parameter .HEADING 2 NAMED pdf:title "The PDF window title" .PP While not strictly part of the PDF outline, the title of a document can be displayed as the document viewer's window title. The macro to accomplish this is .COD "\&.PDF_TITLE\ \[dq]\[dq] It can take any text, so the viewer window title need not be the same as the document's title. .FLOAT .JUSTIFY .BOX-NOTE 4P+8p \*[BD]Note:\*[PREV] The macro, \*[cod]DOC_TITLE\*[codx], always invokes \*[cod]PDF_TITLE\*[codx]. If this is not what you want, you can remove the window title by issuing .COD ".PDF_TITLE \[dq]\[dq] \e\[dq] ie. with a blank argument .IBQ .FLOAT off .NO_SHIM .HEADING 1 NAMED toc "Tables of Contents" .RLD .5v .HEADING 2 NAMED toc:gen "Generating a Table of Contents .PP .RW .1 To generate a printable Table of Contents for any document, simply insert the macro, \*[cod]TOC\*[codx], as the last line of the source file. (Formatting of the printable Table of Contents is discussed in detail in the .PDF_WWW_LINK \ http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/tables-of-contents.html#top \ SUFFIX ). "mom documentation" When the file is processed and loaded in a viewer, entries in the Table of Contents will be clickable links. .RW 0 .PP2 Whichever link colour is active at the end of the document, prior to \*[cod]TOC\*[codx], will be used for the \%Table of Contents links. .HEADING 2 NAMED toc:pos "Positioning the Table of Contents" .PP If \[groff]'s PostScript device (\[-Tps]) is used to process a mom file, the Table of Contents is printed at the end of the document. When this is not desirable, the PostScript output from \[groff] must be processed with \[psselect] in order to place the TOC in the preferred location. .PP2 When using mom and \[groff]'s native pdf device (via \[pdfmom] or \[groff] \[-Tpdf]), positioning of the Table of Contents can be done within the source file. .PP2 The command to control the placement of the TOC is .COD "\&.AUTO_RELOCATE_TOC [] where the optional \*[cod]\*[codx] can be one of these keywords: .LEFT .IL 2P .SP .25v \*[SIZE -.7]TOP\*[FU2]\*[UP .5p]\c .FOOTNOTE \*[BD]Note:\*[PREV] Documents without a COVER or DOC_COVER require the \*[cod]TOP\*[codx] argument. .FOOTNOTE off \*[IT]\*[SIZE +.2]\ (ie. at the very start of the document)\*[SIZE -.2]\*[PREV] BEFORE_DOCCOVER AFTER_DOCCOVER BEFORE_COVER AFTER_COVER\*[SIZE] .SP .25v .ILQ .JUSTIFY It is normally not necessary to supply a keyword, since \*[cod]AUTO_RELOCATE_TOC\*[codx] places the TOC after the DOC_COVER, if there is one, or the first COVER when no DOC_COVER is present. .NO_SHIM off In rare instances where it is desirable to place the TOC somewhere else in the document, there are two low-level commands, .SP .5v \*[FWD 6p]\*[cod].TOC_BEFORE_HERE\*[codx] \ \*[SIZE -.5]and\*[SIZE]\ \" \*[cod].TOC_AFTER_HERE\*[codx] .SP .5v which place the TOC either before or after the current page. .PP2 These last two commands have a small catch: although the TOC will appear where specified, the \%"Contents" entry in the PDF outline, which observes a hierarchy of levels, will assign the TOC to level\~\*[BU4]1\*[BU4], possibly disrupting the visual ordering of levels in the outline. .HEADING 1 NAMED simplify "pdfmom: Simplifying PDF output" .PP As explained in the section .PDF_LINK generating SUFFIX , * .RW .15 there are two established methods .RW 0 for creating PDF files with \[groff]: the original method, ie. passing the \[-Tps] and \[-mpdfmark] options to \[groff] (or using \[pdfroff], which does this for you); or the newer \[-Tpdf], which produces PDF files natively. .NO_SHIM .HEADING 2 NAMED fwd:ref "The problem of forward references" .PP .EW .2 Both methods encounter difficulties when dealing with forward references; that is, when a link \*[IT]\%earlier\/\*[PREV] in a document refers to a destination \*[IT]later\/\*[PREV] in the document and the link text terminates .EW 0 with one of the expandos, \*[cod]\[dq]*\[dq]\*[codx] or \*[cod]\[dq]+\[dq]\*[codx] (explained .PDF_LINK expando SUFFIX ). "here" Mom doesn't know what text to put in the expando because it has not yet been defined. This means that \[groff] must be run multiple times to find the unknown text. .PP2 .EW .2 The program \[pdfroff] exists to handle these multiple runs, but it imposes some limitations on the PDF features available with \[mom]. .EW 0 .HEADING 2 NAMED pdfmom "pdfmom" .PP \[pdfmom] performs the same function as \[pdfroff], and is the preferred, trouble-free way to generate PDF documents from a mom source file. Like \[pdfroff], it is a frontend to \[groff] and accepts all the same options (see \[man]\~\[groff]). .PP2 .EW .2 Called as-is, \[pdfmom] accepts all the same options as \[groff], and requires no additional flags. PDF generation is performed by \[gropdf], \[groff]'s native PDF driver: .EW 0 .COD "pdfmom doc.mom [groff opts] > doc.pdf If a \[-Tps] option is supplied, \[pdfmom] hands control over to \[pdfroff], and both \[groff] and \[pdfroff] options may given. The resulting PDF is produced from PostScript output fed into \[ghostscript]. .COD "pdfmom -Tps [pdfroff opts [groff opts]] doc.mom > doc.pdf For either invocation, it is not necessary to add \[-mom] or \[-mpdfmark], as these are implied. .PP2 If Encapsulated PostScript or plain PostScript images have been embedded in a document with .PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/images.html#pspic SUFFIX , \ "PSPIC" the \[-Tps] option must be used. In most other cases, \[pdfmom] with no \[-T] flag is preferable. .HEADING 2 NAMED papersize "Setting papersize within a source file" A significant convenience afforded by using \[pdfmom] (or \[groff] with the \[-Tpdf] flag) is that papersizes or page dimensions set within mom source files (see .PDF_WWW_LINK http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/typesetting.html#page-setup-intro \ SUFFIX ) "paper and page setup macros" do not require a corresponding \[-P-p] option on the command line. It is even possible to create documents with unequal-sized pages. .NO_SHIM .HEADING 2 NAMED pdf-diff \ "Differences between pdfmom and pdfroff" .PP Several features described in this manual are not available when using \[pdfmom] with the \[-Tps] option, or when using \[pdfroff] or \[groff]\~\[-Tps]\~\[-mpdfmark]. .SP .25v .QUAD LEFT .HYPHENATION off .IB 16p .LIST .ITEM .PDF_LINK toc:pos "Relocation of the Table of Contents" is not supported. The TOC appears at the end of the document; \[psselect] must be used to re-order pages. .ITEM If a link crosses a page boundary, it will stop being a clickable hotspot on subsequent pages. .ITEM When establishing whether PDF outline levels are .PDF_LINK open-close SUFFIX , "open or closed" only the numerical parameter to \*[cod]PDF_BOOKMARKS_OPEN\*[codx] has any effect. .ITEM .PDF_LINK colour "PDF_LINK_COLOR" only accepts colour definitions in decimal notation. .LIST OFF .IQ .HEADING 1 \ "Comparison of -Tps\*[FU4]/\*[FU2]-mpdfmark with -Tpdf\*[FU4]/\*[FU2]-mom .SP .25v .IB \[-Tps]\*[FU4]/\*[FU2]\[-mpdfmark] .LIST .SHIFT_LIST 1P+6p .ITEM does not support all the features described here .ITEM accepts images and graphics embedded with PSPIC .ITEM is mature and well-tested code .LIST OFF .IQ .ALD .4v .IB \[-Tpdf]\*[FU4]/\*[FU2]\[-mom] .LIST .SHIFT_LIST 1P+6p .ITEM facilitates embedding fonts directly in the PDF file (if the \[-P-e] flag is given on the command line) .ITEM sets papersize from within the source file, circumventing the need for the papersize flag (\[-P-p]) on the command line .ITEM is not compatible with .PDF_WWW_LINK \ http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/momdoc/docprocessing.html#printstyle \ "PRINTSTYLE TYPEWRITE" underlining (eg of italics) .ITEM generally produces larger files; these can be reduced by piping the output through \[ps2pdf]\*[B] .RLD .5v .FLOAT .QUAD LEFT .BR_AT_LINE_KERN .IQ .BOX-NOTE (\n[.l]u-6P) 3P .EW .3 \*[BD]Note:\*[PREV] Owing to a known bug, PDF files piped through \[ps2pdf] lose some of .EW 0 their metadata, notably the window title set with \*[cod]PDF_TITLE\*[codx]. .FLOAT off .ITEM is newer code with less testing\c .EL .LIST OFF .IQ CLEAR .TOC