\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
% \usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{hyperref,bookmark}
\usepackage{parskip}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Linux Libertine O}
\setsansfont{Linux Biolinum O}
% \setmainfont{DejaVu Serif}
% \setmainfont{Droid Serif} % only monotonic Greek (subset of Greek and Coptic)

\usepackage[greek,english]{babel}
\languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko}
\languageattribute{greek}{ancient}

\message{greek-euenc ist}
\makeatletter
\@ifl@aded{def}{greek-fontenc}{\message{geladen}}{\message{nicht geladen}}
\makeatother


\begin{document}

\title{Greek support for Babel with XeTeX/LuaTeX}
\author{Günter Milde}
\date{2014/09/02}
\maketitle

The babel option «greek» activates the support for the Greek language
defined in the file «greek.ldf» (source «greek.dtx»).

Typesetting Greek texts requires a font containing Greek letters. With the
XeTeX or LuaTeX engines, the user must ensure that the selected font
contains the required glyphs (the default Latin Modern fonts miss them).
Examples for suitable fonts are the «Deja Vu», «Linux Libertine», or
«Free Serif» OpenType fonts.

\section{Language Switch}

The declaration \verb|\selectlanguage| switches between languages.

\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  Τί φήις; Ἱδὼν ἐνθέδε παῖδ’ ἐλευθέραν
  τὰς πλησίον Νύμφας στεφανοῦσαν, Σώστρατε,
  ἐρῶν άπῆλθες εὐθύς;
\end{quote}

The command \verb|\foreignlanguage| sets its second argument in the language
specified as first argument. This is intended for short text parts like
\foreignlanguage{greek}{Βιβλιοθήκη}.

\section{Font Encoding}

Switching to a font encoding supporting the Greek script is possible without
switching the Babel language using the declarations \verb|\greekscript| (no
switch if the current encoding supports Greek script) or \verb|\greektext|
(always switch to LGR). The corresponding macros \verb|\ensuregreek| and
\verb|\textgreek| typeset their argument in a Greek-supporting font encoding.

With XeTeX or LuaTeX, declaring the LGR font encoding is optional.
The macros \verb|\greektext| and \verb|\textgreek| are
only defined, if the LGR font encoding is declared via the \texttt{fontenc}
package \emph{before} loading babel (see test-unicode-lgr.tex).

Every language switch to \texttt{greek} calls the \verb|\extrasgreek|
command which in turn calls \verb|\greekscript| to ensure a Greek-supporting
font encoding (LGR, EU1, or EU2). (For customization, you can add to or
redefine the \verb|\extrasgreek| command.)

The LGR font encoding does not support Latin characters. Therefore, the
Babel core defines the declaration \verb|\latintext| and the command
\verb|\textlatin| to switch to the T1 or OT1 font encoding or typeset the
argument using this encoding. \texttt{greek-fontenc} adds a test for EU1 and
EU2. At this point, the «latinencoding» is \latinencoding.

Every language switch from \texttt{greek} calls the \verb|\noextrasgreek|
command which in turn calls \verb|\latintext|. (For customization, you can
add to or redefine the \verb|\noextrasgreek| command.)

% don't change the font encoding.
With the Unicode font encodings EU1 (XeTeX) or EU2 (LuaTeX),
Latin characters can be used in Greek text parts and
input via the «CB Latin transcription» is not possible.%
\footnote{%
  The \emph{xunicode} package provides with the \texttt{tipa} emulation an
  example how this could be achieved also for Unicode fonts. Alternatively,
  LGR encoded fonts can be used (see test-unicode-lgr.tex).
}

\begin{quote}
  \greekscript Φίλων τοῦ \textlatin{TeX} (ΕΦΤ) --
  \latintext Friends (\ensuregreek{F\'ilwn}) of TeX.%
  \footnote{Compare the printout to the similar example in test-greek.pdf.}
\end{quote}

\section{MakeUppercase, MakeLowercase}

Capital Greek letters have diacritics (except the dialytika and sub-iota) to
the left (instead of above) and drop them in uppercase, e.g.
\ensuregreek{μαΐστρος $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{μαΐστρος}}.

Tonos and dasia mark a \emph{hiatus} (break-up of a diphthong) if placed on
the first vowel of a diphtong ((άι, άυ, έι, ἄι, ἄυ, ἔι). A dialytika must be
placed on the second vowel if they are dropped. This does not work (yet?)
with Unicode literals (\foreignlanguage{greek}{\MakeUppercase{άι, άυ, έι,
ἄι, ἄυ, ἔι}}). (See section «hiatus» below for a test with LICR macros.)

The following subsections test MakeUppercase and MakeLowercase with all
characters defined in lgrenc.dfu:

\subsection{Greek and Coptic}

\newcommand{\GreekAndCoptic}{
ʹ͵ͺ; ΄ ΅Ά·ΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫϘϚϜϠ}
\newcommand{\greekandcoptic}{
άέήίΰαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωϊϋόύώϙϛϝϟϡ}

Characters of the Greek and Coptic Unicode Block:

\begin{quote}
  \GreekAndCoptic\\
  \greekandcoptic
\end{quote}

MakeUppercase:

\begin{quote}
  \MakeUppercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\
  \MakeUppercase{\greekandcoptic}
\end{quote}

Letters upcased, diacritics except dialytika dropped. OK.

Ϡ (Sampi) $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{Ϡ} (Kappa) and
ϡ (sampi) $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{ϡ} (Rho) is a bug
in xgreek-fixes.def from the polyglossia package.
% This is fixed in xgreek.sty and reported to the polyglossia author.

MakeLowercase:

\begin{quote}
  \MakeLowercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\
  \MakeLowercase{\greekandcoptic}
\end{quote}

The lowercase of Σ is σ (GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA).\footnote{%
With LICRs, it is \texttt{\textbackslash textautosigma}.}
The lowercase of Ϛ (GREEK LETTER STIGMA) is \MakeLowercase{Ϛ}.

% \newpage

\subsection{Greek extended}

Characters of the Greek extended Unicode block:

\selectlanguage{greek}
ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ \\
ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     \\
ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ \\
ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ \\
ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     \\
ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ \\
ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ \\
ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     \\
ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ \\
ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ \\
ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ \\
ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ \\
῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ \\
ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ \\
ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` \\
    ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾
\selectlanguage{english}

MakeUppercase:

\selectlanguage{greek}

\MakeUppercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\
\MakeUppercase{     ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾   }
\selectlanguage{english}

MakeLowercase:

\selectlanguage{greek}
\MakeLowercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\
\MakeLowercase{     ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾   }
\selectlanguage{english}

\section{LICR Macros}

Babel defines macros for several autogenerated strings so that they may
appear in the choosen language. \emph{babel-greek} uses LICR macros in
order to let the string macros work independent of the font encoding.

If \texttt{fontspec} is loaded before babel, babel-greek loads Greek LICR
for EU1 or EU2 from the file \texttt{greek-euenc.def}
provided with \emph{greek-fontenc} since version~0.10.

\subsection{Hiatus}

The «hiatus» feature works with macro input:

\selectlanguage{greek}
% from teubner: άυλος/ΑΫΛΟΣ
\acctonos\textalpha\textupsilon λος $\mapsto$
\MakeUppercase{\acctonos\textalpha\textupsilon λος},
\>'\textalpha\textupsilon λος $\mapsto$
\MakeUppercase{\>'\textalpha\textupsilon λος},
% from http://diacritics.typo.cz/index.php?id=69  μάινα -> ΜΑΪΝΑ
m\acctonos\textalpha\textiota να $\mapsto$
\MakeUppercase{m\acctonos\textalpha\textiota να},
% from  http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugriechische_Orthographie#Das_Trema
% κέικ, ἀυπνία/αϋπνία
\textkappa\acctonos\textepsilon\textiota\textkappa $\mapsto$
\MakeUppercase{\textkappa\acctonos\textepsilon\textiota\textkappa},
\>\textalpha\textupsilon πνία $\mapsto$
\MakeUppercase{\>\textalpha\textupsilon πνία}.
\selectlanguage{english}

\subsection{Captions}

\selectlanguage{greek}
\prefacename,
\refname,
\abstractname,
\bibname,
\chaptername,
\appendixname,
\contentsname,
\listfigurename ,
\listtablename,
\indexname,
\figurename,
\tablename,
\partname,
\enclname,
\ccname,
\headtoname,
\pagename,
\seename,
\alsoname,
\proofname,
\glossaryname
\selectlanguage{english}

Test correct upcasing (dropping of accents):

\selectlanguage{greek}
\MakeUppercase{
\prefacename,
\refname,
\abstractname,
\bibname,
\chaptername,
\appendixname,
\contentsname,
\listfigurename,
\listtablename,
\indexname,
\figurename,
\tablename,
\partname,
\enclname,
\ccname,
\headtoname,
\pagename,
\seename,
\alsoname,
\proofname,
\glossaryname
}
\selectlanguage{english}


\subsection{Months}

\selectlanguage{greek}
\newcounter{foo}
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\selectlanguage{english}

\section{Greek Numerals}

See greek.pdf for the formation rules of Greek numerals.
Some examples:

\selectlanguage{greek}

\greeknumeral{1},
\greeknumeral{2},
\greeknumeral{3},
\greeknumeral{4},
\greeknumeral{5},
\greeknumeral{6},
\greeknumeral{7},
\greeknumeral{8},
\greeknumeral{9},
\greeknumeral{10},
\greeknumeral{11},
\greeknumeral{12},
\greeknumeral{20},
\greeknumeral{345},
\greeknumeral{500},
\greeknumeral{1997},
\greeknumeral{2013},

\Greeknumeral{1},
\Greeknumeral{2},
\Greeknumeral{3},
\Greeknumeral{4},
\Greeknumeral{5},
\Greeknumeral{6},
\Greeknumeral{7},
\Greeknumeral{8},
\Greeknumeral{9},
\Greeknumeral{10},
\Greeknumeral{11},
\Greeknumeral{12},
\Greeknumeral{20},
\Greeknumeral{345},
\Greeknumeral{500},
\Greeknumeral{1997},
\Greeknumeral{2013},


Enumerated lists use Greek characters/numerals in the second and fourth level:

\selectlanguage{greek}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item item 1
  \begin{enumerate}
    \item item 1.1
    \begin{enumerate}
      \item item 1.1.1
       \begin{enumerate}
         \item item 1.1.1.1
         \item item 1.1.1.2
       \end{enumerate}
      \item item 1.1.2
    \end{enumerate}
  \end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\selectlanguage{english}


This may be problematic with fonts that only partially support Greek and
miss the numeral signs (dexiakeraia and aristerikeraia).
You may redefine the commands \verb+\textdexiakeraia+ and
\verb+\textaristerikeraia+ to some substitute characters.
Or, if you prefer the "normal" enumeration, write in the preamble after
loading babel:

\begin{verbatim}
  \makeatletter
  \addto\extrasgreek{\let\@alph\latin@alph
  		     \let\@Alph\latin@Alph}
  \makeatother
\end{verbatim}


\end{document}
